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Napoleon

French military leader, French Emperor 1804–1814 and again in 1815

Napoleon

Born:August 15, 1769

Died:May 5, 1821

Age at death:51

Manner of death:Natural Causes

Cause of death:Stomach Cancer

Zodiac Sign:Leo

Height:1.68 m (5′6″)

Born in:Ajaccio, France

Residence:Ajaccio, France

Buried in:France

Languages:Corsican, French

Art CollectorSovereignMilitantEmperorArmy OfficerPoliticianMilitary Leader

Signature

Napoleon Signature

Related People

Nephew: Napoleon III
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Links

WikipediaIMDb

Famous For

Books

Le souper de BeaucaireBerlin DecreeConstitution of the Duchy of WarsawTreaty of the Confederation of the RhineClisson et Eugénie

Awards

Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of Christ (1810)Knight of the Order of the Elephant (1808)Order of the Black Eagle (1805)Order of Saint Hubert (1805)Grand Cross of the Napoleonic order of the Iron Crown (1805)

Biography

Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was Emperor of the French from 18 May 1804 until his first abdication in 1814, with a brief restoration during the Hundred Days in 1815. He rose to prominence as a general during the French Revolution and led a series of military campaigns across Europe and the Middle East during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. As a statesman, he implemented numerous legal and administrative reforms in France and Europe. Born on the island of Corsica to a family of Italian origin, Napoleon moved to mainland France in 1779 and was commissioned as an officer in the French Royal Army in 1785. He supported the French Revolution in 1789 and promoted its cause in Corsica. He rose rapidly through the ranks after winning the siege of Toulon in 1793 and defeating royalist insurgents in Paris on 13 Vendémiaire in 1795. In 1796 he commanded a military campaign against the Austrians and their Italian allies in the War of the First Coalition, scoring decisive victories and becoming a national hero. He led an invasion of Egypt and Syria in 1798, which served as a springboard for his rise to political power. In November 1799 Napoleon engineered the Coup of 18 Brumaire against the French Directory and became First Consul of the Republic. He won the Battle of Marengo in 1800, which secured France's victory in the War of the Second Coalition, and in 1803 he sold the territory of Louisiana to the United States. In December 1804 Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of the French, further consolidating his power. The breakdown of the Treaty of Amiens led to the War of the Third Coalition by 1805. Napoleon shattered the coalition with a decisive victory at the Battle of Austerlitz, which led to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. In the War of the Fourth Coalition, Napoleon defeated Prussia at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806, marched his Grande Armée into Eastern Europe, and defeated the Russians in 1807 at the Battle of Friedland. Seeking to extend his trade embargo against Britain, Napoleon invaded the Iberian Peninsula and installed his brother Joseph as King of Spain in 1808, provoking the Peninsular War. In 1809 the Austrians again challenged France in the War of the Fifth Coalition, during which Napoleon consolidated his dominance over Europe after winning the Battle of Wagram. In the summer of 1812 he launched an invasion of Russia. After forcing the Russians to abandon Moscow following the Battle of Borodino, Napoleon briefly occupied the city before conducting a catastrophic retreat of his army that winter. In 1813 Prussia and Austria joined Russia in the War of the Sixth Coalition, in which Napoleon was decisively defeated at the Battle of Leipzig. The coalition invaded France and captured Paris, forcing Napoleon to abdicate in April 1814. He was exiled to the Mediterranean island of Elba and the House of Bourbons was restored to power. Ten months later Napoleon escaped from Elba with around a thousand men and marched on Paris, reclaiming control of the country. His opponents responded by forming a Seventh Coalition, which defeated him at the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815. Napoleon was exiled to the remote island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic, where he died of stomach cancer in 1821, aged 51. Since his death, Napoleon has maintained a prominent place in historical research and popular culture. He is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history, and Napoleonic tactics are still studied at military schools worldwide. His legacy endures through the legal and administrative reforms he enacted in France and Western Europe, most notably the Napoleonic Code. He established a system of public education, abolished the vestiges of feudalism, emancipated Jews and other religious minorities, abolished the Spanish Inquisition, enacted the principle of equality before the law for an emerging middle class, and centralized state power at the expense of religious authorities. His conquests also acted as a catalyst for political change and the development of nation-states. However, he remains controversial because of his role in wars that devastated Europe, his looting of conquered territories, and his mixed record on civil rights. He abolished the free press, ended directly elected representative government, exiled and imprisoned critics of his regime, reinstated slavery in French colonies, banned the entry of black people and mulattos into France, reduced the civil rights of women and children, reintroduced a hereditary monarchy and nobility, and violently repressed popular uprisings against his rule.

This biography uses content from the Wikipedia article “Napoleon”, available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License.

Quotes

“Send me 300 francs; that sum will enable me to go to Paris. There, at least, one can cut a figure and surmount obstacles. Everything tells me I shall succeed. Will you prevent me from doing so for the want of 100 crowns?”

— Letter to his uncle, Joseph Fesch (June 1791), as quoted in A Selection from the Letters and Despatches of the First Napoleon. With Explanatory Notes (1884) edited by D. A. Bingham, Vol. I, p. 24

“Hand weapons were the main weapons of the ancients; it is with his short sword that the legionary conquered the world. It is with the Macedonian lance that Alexander conquered Asia.”

— Precis des Guerres Cesar Das Napoleon I

“All great events hang by a hair. The man of ability takes advantage of everything and neglects nothing that can give him a chance of success; whilst the less able man sometimes loses everything by neglecting a single one of those chances.”

— Letter to Minister of Foreign Affairs, Passariano (26 September 1797), as quoted in Napoleon as a General (1902) by Maximilian Yorck von Wartenburg, p. 269

Quotes sourced from the Wikiquote article "Napoleon", available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License.

Photos

Napoleon

Napoleon

Napoleon

Sujet : Scènes historiques -- 1800-1869 Référence bibliographique : Hennin, 13163 Couverture : 15 août 1807 Éditeur : [s.n.]

Napoleon

Référence bibliographique : Meurisse, 75814 A Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : Pho20Meu Image de presse Couverture : 05 mai 1930 Langue : français Éditeur : diff. par l'Agence Meurisse (Paris)

Napoleon

Identificatie Titel(s): Portretten van negen generaals Objecttype: prent Objectnummer: RP-P-1914-4913 Opschriften / Merken: verzamelaarsmerk, verso, gestempeld: Lugt 2228, blindstempel, recto, gepreegd: ‘Julius Springer Berlin’, Ovaal met tekst langs de rand. Omschrijving: Portretten van Charles John Napier, FitzRoy Somerset (baron van Raglan), Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud, Napoleon Bonaparte, Ivan Paskevitsj, Mikhail Dmitrievich Gorchakov, Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov, Omar Pascha en Ismael Pascha. Vervaardiging Vervaardiger: prentmaker: Louis Lisso (vermeld op object), drukker: Wolf Hagelberg (vermeld op object), uitgever: Julius Springer (vermeld op object) Plaats vervaardiging: Berlijn Datering: 1820 - 1860 Materiaal en Techniek Fysieke kenmerken: lithografie in zwart met toonblok in beige Materiaal: papier Techniek: toonlithografie Afmetingen: blad: hoogte 440 mm × breedte 565 mm Onderwerp Wat: historical persons, adult man, commander-in-chief, general, marshal Wie: FitzRoy James Henry Somerset, Charles John Napier, Jacques Leroy de Saint-Arnaud, Napoleon I (keizer der Fransen), Ivan Paskevitsj, Mikhail Dmitrievich Gorchakov, Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov, Omar Pasha Verwerving en rechten: Verwerving: aankoop 1914 Copyright: Publiek domein

Napoleon

Auteur(s): Lesueur, Jean-Baptiste (Paris, en 1749 - Plailly, en 1826), dessinateur Date de production: En 1800 Type(s) d'objet(s): Dessin, Arts graphiques Dénomination(s): Dessin Dimensions - Oeuvre: Hauteur : 36 cm Largeur : 53.5 cm Dimensions - Montage: Hauteur : 50 cm Largeur : 65 cm Description: Ensemble de 83 gouaches révolutionnaires connues, dont 73 conservées au musée Carnavalet. Marques, inscriptions, poinçons: Légende - Au recto du montage ancien, sous la gouache, étiquette avec légende manuscrite à l'encre : "LA FRANCE confie ses forces à la Prudence, et au Courage de Bonnaparte [sic]. / pour que par nombre de victoires, il oblige ses Ennemis à recevoir la paix qu'elle leur offre.". \ Inscription à l'encre Inscription - Au recto du montage ancien, étiquette manuscrite à l'encre : "73eme feuille" \ Inscription à l'encre Description iconographique: Scène allégorique : Napoléon, Premier consul, la France, femme, génie ailé, foudre, couronne de laurier, palme, canon, bombe, baril de poudre, fusil à baïonnette, carte d'état-major, victoire, Lodi, Arcole, Montébello, Marengo ; Consulat. Commentaire historique: L'ensemble des gouaches de Lesueur conservées au musée Carnavalet constitue un témoignage unique de la période révolutionnaire. Sorte de journal en images, la technique dans laquelle il est réalisé, ainsi que son ampleur, laissent supposer une fonction publique, théâtrale ou "muséographique". Ces petits tableaux et - un peu différemment - les textes qui les accompagnent, reflètent les sentiments variés, tantôt enthousiastes, tantôt réprobateurs, de la petitebourgeoisie parisienne face à l'événement et au quotidien révolutionnaires. Scènes historiques, scénettes plus anodines, ou personnages isolés comme des figurines militaires sont saisis avec vivacité, justesse d'observation, sens de la couleur et de la mise en page qui leur confèrent une grande saveur. L'indéniable intérêt documentaire de la série est particulièrement net en ce qui concerne la sans-culotterie, l'armée, les femmes, le costume; mais aussi les mentalités et leur évolution dans la conjoncture politique des années 1789-1806, et ce avec d'autant plus de force que les gouaches ont été peintes immédiatement après l'événement ou le fait qu'elles représentent. Mode d'acquisition: Achat Date d’acquisition: 01–09–2002 Institution: Musée Carnavalet, Histoire de Paris Numéro d’inventaire: D.14951 IIIF Manifest: https://apicollections.parismusees.paris.fr/iiif/320039048/manifest

Napoleon

Auteur(s): Galle, André (Saint-Etienne, 27–05–1761 - Paris, 21–12–1844), graveur en médailles - Médailleur Jeuffroy, Romain Vincent (Rouen, 16–07–1749 - Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 02–08–1826), graveur en médailles - Médailleur Date de production: En 1804 Type(s) d'objet(s): Numismatique Dénomination(s): Médaille Dimensions - Oeuvre: Diamètre : 6.9 cm Poids (type dimension) : 192.79 g Description: Relief, droit et revers Marques, inscriptions, poinçons: Légende - Au droit circulaire : "NEAOPOLIO IMPERATOR." ; au revers circulaire : "TVTELA PRAESENS" ; au revers à l'exergue : "EPVLVM SOLLEMNE / IMPERATORIS IN CVRIA / VRBANA. FRIM. A. XIII." Signature - Au droit sous le buste : "GALLE FECIT." ; au revers sur la plinthe : "PRUDHON DEL JEUFFROY FEC". Description iconographique: Droit : buste lauré de Napoléon à gauche ; revers : Napoléon, lauré, vêtu à l'antique et tenant un sceptre surmonté d'une aigle, assis sur un siège curule à droite, fait face une représentation allégorique de la Ville de Paris, à gauche, qui lui adresse un geste de bienvenue ; derrière la Ville, un Amour conduisant une nef ; au dessus, une étoile centrée d'un N. Institution: Musée Carnavalet, Histoire de Paris Numéro d’inventaire: ND2808 IIIF Manifest: https://apicollections.parismusees.paris.fr/iiif/320050344/manifest

Napoleon

City and gala berline in false landau with three windows. Built by Perlot, carriage manufacturer in Paris in 1810. Height: 2.56 m Length: 4.90 m Width: 1.88 m Weight: around 1.5 tons Built for the marriage of Napoleon I and Marie-Louise. Modified by Joachim Ehrler in 1853 for the projected consecration of Napoleon III in Rome. Exhibition at the Grande Écurie, Versailles (August 2015)

Napoleon

Identificatie Titel(s): Allegorische afbeelding ter gelegenheid van het verdrag tussen de Franse Republiek en Willem VTafereel van het Stadhouderschap in de Nederlanden van A 1565 tot 1802 (titel op object) Objecttype: prent Objectnummer: RP-P-1935-1488 Catalogusreferentie: FMH 5623 Opschriften / Merken: verzamelaarsmerk, verso, gestempeld: Lugt 2228 Omschrijving: Allegorische afbeelding ter gelegenheid van het verdrag tussen de Franse Republiek en Willem V, prins van Oranje-Nassau. Op een grote gedecoreerde trap staan alle stadhouders van Holland; bovenaan Willem I en onderaan Willem V. Willem V wordt door Frederik Willem II, koning van Pruisen en Bonaparte van de trap af begeleid. Op de traptreden zijn enkele belangrijke historische gebeurtenissen afgebeeld. Op de achtergrond een kaart van Nederland en links verschillende zeilschepen. Bovenaan de trap een schilderij van het verbond der edelen en de onthoofding van de graven van Egmond en Horne, en onder de afbeelding een zevenregelig onderschrift. Vervaardiging Vervaardiger: prentmaker: Willem Kok (vermeld op object), uitgever: J. de Jongh (vermeld op object) Datering: 1802 - 1807 Fysieke kenmerken: gravure en ets Materiaal: papier Techniek: graveren (drukprocedé) / etsen Onderwerp Wie: Willem I (prins van Oranje). Balthasar Gerards. Maurits (prins van Oranje). Frederik Hendrik (prins van Oranje). Willem III (prins van Oranje en koning van Engeland, Schotland en Ierland). Willem II (prins van Oranje). Willem IV (prins van Oranje-Nassau). Anna van Hannover. Ludwig Ernst von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel. Willem V (prins van Oranje-Nassau). Frederik Willem I koning van Pruisen. Napoleon I Bonaparte Verwerving en rechten Credit line: Legaat van de heer F.G. Waller, Amsterdam Verwerving: legaat 1935 Copyright: Publiek domein

Napoleon

City and gala berline in false landau with three windows. Built by Perlot, carriage manufacturer in Paris in 1810. Height: 2.50 m Length: 4.83 m Width: 2.00 m Weight: around 1.5 tons Built for the marriage of Napoleon I and Marie-Louise. Modified by Joachim Ehrler in 1853 for the projected consecration of Napoleon III in Rome. Exhibition at the Grande Écurie, Versailles (August 2015)

Napoleon

Sujet : Monnaies d'Alsace 10 centimes de l'atelier de Strasbourg sous Napoléon I er Monnaie de Strasbourg Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : BNUStras1 Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : BNUStr004 Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : Alsace1 Langue : sans contenu linguistique Éditeur : (Strasbourg)

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